Singapore Management University (SMU) and the Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) do not allow the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to grade students’ work that counts towards their year-end results, citing accuracy and reliability as key concerns. SMU and SUSS are the only universities that have yet to approve AI in grading scripts that count towards a student’s final result. SMU Professor of Information Systems (Education) and Vice Provost (Education) Venky Shankararaman said that until there is a more robust understanding of the accuracy and reliability of AI in different grading contexts, human academic judgment must remain central in high-stakes assessments. Additionally, the University started a working group to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of AI-enabled grading tools in mid-2025.